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\ THE RALEIGH CALENDAR. 

A Chronological Compendium of the Principal Events 
in the Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. 



Read by W. J. PEELE, o F Ra.eigh, at the Fourth A NNUAL Meeting 
of the Literary and Historical Association, November 12, 1903. 

1552— Walter Raleigh was bora in the county of Devon 
South England, at an old country house or manor' 
called Hayes." He was the son of Walter Raleigh 
of Eardel and Katherine Gilbert, his wife. She was 
also, by her first husband the mother of the celebrated 
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with whom Raleigh was asso- 

Tnaa S^ ? ***"* ° Ut Ms earlier A merican expeditions. 
T566— Entered College at Oxford, England, where he re- 
mained for three years, distinguished especially in 
oratory and philosophy. 
1569— Went to France as a volunteer, fighting six years in 
that country for the liberties of the Huguenots under 
the famous Admiral Coligny, the first citizen of 
-trance and the first victim of the massacre of St. 
-Bartholomew's Day. 
1575— Returned to England. Studied and practiced naviga- 
tion and ship-building for several years, in which arts 
he became a master; and in the meantime he made 
himself familiar with the West Indies and with the 
American coasts and waters. 
1578— Accompanied (according to some authorities) his half 
brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in an expedition to 
the St. Lawrence, in North America. 
1580— Was commissioned captain of an hundred foot soldiers 
' fight the Irish rebels and their Spanish and Italian 
allies. His pay was only eighty cents a day— but in 
two years he was the most famous soldier in Ireland 
and attracted, by his valor and success, the notice of 
Queen Elizabeth. 
4 



^ 



4^ 



50 Historical and Literary Activities in N. C. 

1581 — Was introduced at the Queen's court where he con- 
tinued to grow in favor until he became her most trust- 
ed adviser in military and naval affairs and the most 
active organizer of her forces against the Spanish. 

1583 — Fitted out, with the aid of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
his half brother, an expedition to New Foundland. 
The Queen and the public service requiring his pres- 
ence in England, Gilbert was placed in command, 
and, after remaining on the desolate shores of that 
Island for thirty days, the expedition sailed for Eng- 
land. J t lost on its return voyage its brave command- 
er in a great storm ; but his last words, uttered from 
his sinking ship, are the best seaman's motto that has 
come down to us : "Be of good cheer, friends, we are 
as near heaven by sea as by land." 

1584 — March 25. Obtained charter from Queen Elizabeth 
under which the several settlements on Roanoke Is- 
land were made — being the first settlements of the 
English race in America, the beginning of the Amer- 
ican nation, and the seeds of Jamestown and Ply- 
mouth. 

The charter was the beginning of English law in 
America. Emigrants to the lands that should be dis- 
covered and possessed. under its authority were, by its 
provisions, guarant eed the rights a nd liberties th ey 
enjoyed in England . 

1581 — April 27. Dispatched an expedition of two ships un- 
der the command of Amidas and Barknve with au- 
thority to explore and take possession of such lands, 
(not under the dominion of any Christian Prince) as 
they should discover. 

1584- — July 4.* The expedition arrived off the coast of 
what is now known as North Carolina about one hun- 
dred and twenty miles south of an inlet not far from 
Roanoke Island. {3p* 
July 7. This inlet was entered and a landing effected 
on a part of the "Banks." The English took formal 
possession in the name of Elizabeth, the Queen, and 



* Dates from July 4, 1584. to December, inclusive, are approximate, 
having been obtained by estimation. 



The Raleigh Calendar. 51 

Sir Walter Raleigh the governor of the newly dis- 
covered land ; and- the Queen called it "Virginia," 
in honor of herself the virgin queen of England. 
The country embraced under this name extended 
from the 34th to the 45th degree Forth latitude— 
that is from the region of Cape Fear to that where 
Maine touches Canada on the Atlantic. 
July 10. They were first visited by the Indians who 
caught for them fish, which are still abundant in those 

waters. 
July 11. They made friends with Granganimeo r the 
brother of Wingina, the king of that country ; the near- 
est mainland of which the Indians called Dassa- 
monque-peak. 
July 16. They visited Roanoke Island, the cradle of 
American civilization, and the birth place of Virginia 
Dare the first child of English parents born in Amer- 
ica—nature's best protected spot on the American 
coast in which to have begun the hitherto untried ex- 
periment of English colonization; for the Chesapeake 
had been explored and sketched by the Spaniards, but 
the Sound section of North Carolina, behind its frown- 
ing barriers of sand, was terra incognita. 
August. They sailed for England taking with them 
the two Indians, Manteo, the friend, and Wanchese, 
the enemy, of the white race. 
September 15. The expedition returned to England. 
Barlowe published an account of it which Raleigh 
used, with the other accounts brought back, to thrill 
the English people with the fever of emigrating to 
America— a fever which has never fallen from that 
dav to this. _ 

December. Was knighted "Sir Walter Raleigh by 
Queen Elizabeth in honor of his exploits and discov- 
eries. 
1585— April 9. Raleigh's second expedition set out from 
Plymouth for the shores of "Virginia" (North Caro- 
lina) under the command of his cousin, the celebrated 
Sir Richard Grenville. It consisted of one hundred 
and eight colonists and five little ships, the largest 
being of one hundred and forty tons burden, the 



52 



Historical and Literary Activities in N. C. 



smallest, fifty. Among the other famous men in this 
expedition was Thomas Cavendish, who afterwards 
circumnavigated the globe, Hariot, the mathematician 
and historian, and Ralph Lane, the explorer of East- 
ern North Carolina, and the first governor of an Eng- 
lish Colony in America. 
June 20. The vessels came in sight of "Florida," the 
name by which some explorers called so much of the 
continent as is now embraced within the limits of the 
South Atlantic States, and under which the Span- 
ish claimed the land from Key West to Nova Scotia. 
June 23. Sailing up the coast to what is now North 
Carolina they barely escaped shipwreck on a "breach 
called the Cap of Feare." Probably cape Look-out. 
June 24. They came to anchor in a harbor where they 
"caught in one tide so much fish as would have yield- 
ed twenty pounds in London." 
June 26. They came to anchor at Wokoken, where one 
of the ships was wrecked in the attempt to run 
her over the bar of the inlet— the first recorded ship- 
wreck in the region of Hatteras. 
Sept. 3. Was written the first letter by an English- 
man in America ; it was from the "New Fort in Vir- 
ginia" (Fort Raleigh on Roanoke Island) and writ- 
ten by Ralph Lane to Richard Hackluyt, of London. 
_ Lane's colony remained in "Virginia" (North Caro- 
lina) one year wanting five days, but lost onlv four of 
its number, and these died from natural causes. " 
1585-6— During his occupation Lane explored the Albemarle 
and Pamlico Sounds and their principal tributaries. 
He ascended the Roanoke River, called by the In- 
dians, Monatoc, about as far as Weldon. He explored 
the Chowan, called by the Indians Chowanoke, as far 
as Wyanoke Ferry, at the junction of the Black Water 
and Nottoway Rivers. He went North as far as the 
Elizabeth River and reported to Raleigh its commod- 
ious^ harbors and the deep waters of the Chesapeake. 
Hariot wrote the best account of these expeditions 
and a description of the principal food plants and ani- 
mals which were found; and DeBry, in 1588 and in 
1590, published a book illustrated with maps, pic- 



The Raleigh Calendar. 53 

tures and drawings of the sound section of North 
Carolina, its inhabitants and its food plants and ani- 
mals. The originals of these illustrations were made 
by John White, a painter, whom Sir Walter Raleigh, 
with the special approval of the Queen, and at his 
own cost, sent to our shores for this purpose. The 
book is the joint product of White, Hariot and DeBry, 
and is the most definite and valuable early English 
publication that was ever published of any part of 
America. With Barlowe's and Lane's narratives, 
it is the main source of the history of the earliest 
efforts to colonize America by the -English. 

1586 — June 19. Lane and his colony sailed for England 
in the fleet of Sir Francis Drake. They had been 
doing well and were reasonably contented, but the 
sight of English ships and sailors made them home- 
sick and a terrible storm, such as still rage around Hat- 
teras, completed their demoralization. They landed 
in England, and Raleigh introduced from our shores 
the use of tobacco in England and the culture of pota- 
toes in Ireland. Shortly after the departure of the 
colonists, a ship loaded with provisions for them ar- 
rived at Wokoken, but soon sailed away for England. 
A fortnight later Sir Richard Grenville arrived and, 
finding none of Lane's colony, he left fifteen men on 
Roanoke Island to hold possession of the country until 
they could be relieved by a stronger force. No white 
man ever beheld their faces again. The destruction 
of these men first proved to the Indians that the Eng- 
lish were not invulnerable and begun the long battle 
between the two races. 

1587 — May 8. Raleigh's Fourth expedition sailed from Ply- 
mouth for the shores of North Carolina. It consisted 
of three vessels with their crews and one hundred and 
fifty colonists, of whom 91 men, 17 women and 9 chil- 
dren remained. The emigrants were under the com- 
mand of their governor, John White ; they were fated to 
become what is known in history as the "Lost Colony." 
July 16. They landed on that part of the "Banks" then 
known as the Island of Croatan lying to the South 
of Cape Hatteras. 



54 Historical and Literary Activities in N. C. 

T ,1, 22 They arrived at Hattorask Inlet and passed 
J tver to Reanoke Island where they toned the fate of 

the fifteen men left there by Grille. , 

Angust 13. Manteo was christened "Lord of ^ Roanoke 
Tnd Dasamonque-peak" by command of Sir Walter 

Av^st ts. Was born Virginia Dare the first child of 

AS* "51- Jobn White sailed for England 
leaving his little colony to its unknown fate in the 
wilds of America. For three centuries the ingenni^ 
of poets and historians has been exercised to discover 
its history, but the woods have not given up their se 
ere Perhaps the Red men of Croatan Island «i- 
%li inland" to what is now Robeson Conn y and 
carried the "Lost Colony" with them. There still 
ides in that region a tribe of Indians o mixed 
blood calling themselves by the mystic name of Croa 
tan and there still exists among them a tradition that 
they came from a region called Roanoke. 
1588-Early in the year, Raleigh fitted out an expedition to 
16 Se White's colony and placed it under the com- 
mand of Sir Richard Grenville, but, on account of the 
war with Spain, it was not permitted to sail 
April 22. Sent a second relief expedition consisting of 
two little ships loaded with provisions, but they were 
cantured and stripped by pirates. 
^England being now menaced by the great invasion 
from Spain, Raleigh assigned his principal intereste 
iu "Virginia" to Sir Thomas Smith, Richard Hack 
*" Inyt and others, who afterwards became, under Us «r 

^ration, the chief promoters of the settlement at 
Jamestown in what is now the State of *»»*■* 
Aug. The Spanish Armada was, under Raleigh . advice 
attacked at sea and destroyed before it could effec 
the invasion of England. He was the real author o 
this victory which was the turning point of England 
greatness and Spain's decline. It was -the demo- 
tion of the Armada that he reached the highest point 



The Raleigh Calendar. 55 

of his fortune and favor with the Queen. He was as 
great and brave as ever in the sea fight in the harbor 
of Cadiz, and, in his expedition up the Oronoko River 
was as zealous as ever for the extension of the Queen's 
empire in America, but he did not have the same in- 
fluence in the government nor receive the same recog- 
nition for his public services. 

1589 — Co-labored with his friend the poet Spencer and was 
the subject and inspiration of the best English poetry 
since Chaucer. He was Spencer's patron, introduced 
him to the Queen and procured him the leisure to write 
and the means to publish the poems which made their 
author famous. It was with Spencer that Raleigh for 
the next two years cultivated his natural fondness for 
literature which in the after years resulted in his 
"History of the World" and other literary works. 

1590 — March 20. The fifth expedition being the second un- 
der John White, sailed from Plymouth for Roanoke 
Island. 
August 15. The ships came to anchor at "Hattorask 
Inlet" which was then reckoned to be 36 degrees and 
20 minutes North latitude, and this reckoning locates 
this inlet North of Roanoke Island.. 
August IT. White went with a party of men to Fort 
Raleigh, but found it dismantled and deserted. The 
colony had vanished ; only the name "Croatoan" carved 
on a tree could give a clue to its new abode ; and he, 
who "joyed" in this "certain token of their being safe" 
left the country without making an honest search for 
their recovery. He who had before deserted his 
colony, could now be satisfied with only a "token" of 
their safety. 
August 18. (The anniversary of the birth of Virginia 
Dare.) The expedition sailed away and the "Lost 
Colony" was "lost" in the deep solitudes of North" 
Carolina's forests — affording the first of the many 
lost chapters of our history. 

1591 — November. Raleigh wrote an account of the famous 
sea fight between his ship the "Revenge" under the 
command of his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, and a 
Spanish fleet of fifteen vessels. This is one of his 



56 Historical and Literary Activities in N. C. 

best pieces of prose literature, and the subject of it 
EugW's bravest sea-fight-the Thermopylae of 

naval warfare. , . -, <• 

1592-Married Elizabeth Throckmorton the Queen's maid of 
honor and forfeited the favor of the Queen who was 
herself reputed to he in love with him He was de- 
barred frl her Court for five years, but he did net 
eease to serve his country. T™dnn 

1592-July 28. Was imprisoned in the Tower of London 
1 on account of the anger or jealousy of Qneen Bh» 

beth During his imprisonment an expedition he had 
fi ted out captured the Spanish plate-ship the Ua*. 
de Dies with its cargo valued at two and a half mil- 

Sent 0I 21 Was released from prison as the only man in 
England who could save the treasure of the great prize- 
ship from the plunder of his owu countrymen The 

1 • +^v +i 1P linn's share of what he 

Queen, as sovereign, took the lion s snare o 

recovered. . ~ . • 

1594-Sent a ship to get information concerning Guiana, in 
South America, which the Spanish had then lately an- 
nexed to their dominions and named the New El 

1595-FeVy °6. Sailed with an expedition to explore and 
take possession of Guiana. 
March 22 Anchored off the Island of Trinidad and 
shortly took possession of it as a base of operations 
from which to explore the Continent. This Island 
still belongs to Great Britain. 
April. Began his famous voyage up the Oronoko River 
which he explored for four hundred miles from its 

a °TLi S expedition remained in Guiana, Trinidad, and 
the American waters for several months. He was re- 
ported sailing along the coast of Cuba in the month of 
July and he landed in England sometime in October. 
He told the Spanish Governor of Trinidad that he was 
on his way to Us settlement in "Virginia but there 
is no record that he touched our coast. 
December. Published an account of his explorations 



The Raleigh Calendar. 57 

which were speedily translated into Latin and German 
and circulated over Europe. 
1596 — Sent another expedition to Guiana which explored 
the South American coast as far south as the Amazon. 
Of this also he published- an account, written, as was 
the other, in some of the best prose of the Elizabethan 
period ; in both he set forth to the English people the 
boundless wealth of America and the advantage and 
practicability of colonizing it. Of the vast territory 
in the region of the Oronoko and the Amazon which 
Raleigh urged England to seize, it now holds British 
Guiana — a country about one and half times the 
size of North Carolina. 
June 21. Led the English to victory in the great naval 
battle of Cadiz. This fight placed him on the pin- 
nacle of his fame as commander of warships, re-instat- 
ed him in the counsels of his Sovereign, and made 
Great Britain, for the first time, Mistress of the Seas. 
1597 — Sent another expedition to Guiana' which obsequiously 
confirmed his own previous accounts. It returned 
without adding any new information, or materially 
advancing the policy of exploration and conquest 
which lay next to his heart. It was shrewdly sur- 
mised that the Spanish, failing in open warfare, were 
beginning to try the effect of gold upon his subordi- 
nates as well as his superiors in office. 
Sept. Stormed, at the head of a small force, the town of 
Fayal in the Azores. It was his last battle and only 
added another spark to the envy of him which now in- 
creased with his fame. 
1602 — Nov. 4. Had his last interview with Queen Eliza- 
beth. 
1603 — Despatched two expeditions to America, the last of 
five which he sent at his own charge to search for the 
"lost colony/' 
March 30. The Queen died, and with her perished Ra- - 
leigh's hopes of preferment and even of personal 
safety. He had spent his years of freedom in oppos- 
ing "the tyrannous ambition of Spain," and now his 
well-beloved England was to be governed by a mon- 
arch, James I, who had taken into his counsels the 



58 Historical and Literary Activities in N. 0. 

mercenaries of Spain-the country with which Ra- 
leigh was even then urging war. He also wrote a 
letter denouncing Cecil, James' chief officer and ad- 
viser and one who was then privily receiving jive 
thousand crowns a year from the Spanish Government. 
July 17. Was arrested on the charge of treasonable 

conspiracy with the Spanish Government. 
July 18 Was imprisoned in the Tower to await his trial 
which could not commence at once on account of the 
great plague which was then raging m London. 
Nov 17. He was brought to trial at Winchester on the 
charge of high treason and convicted on the same day. 
The prosecution was conducted by the famous law 
writer, Coke. Raleigh plead his own cause, the laws 
of England not allowing him to have counsel for his 
defense; nor was he confronted by the witnesses 
against him. The jury was packed, the testimony 
against him was perjured, the Court was subservient 
to the Crown, and at least one member of it, Cecil, 
was in the pay of the Spanish Government Immed- 
iately after his conviction he was roundly abused from 
the bench by Chief Justice Popham, who presided over 
the Court, and then 'sentenced to death. But he was 
not then executed. Popular favor which he had sac- 
rificed some years before by acepting from Queen 
Elizabeth a monopoly of the tax on wines and liquors 
was in a measure now restored to (him on account ol 
his persecution and misfortunes. England would 
not believe, though a court record had spoken the lie., 
that the great enemy of Spain who had spoiled her by 
land and ruined her prestige on the seas, would betray 
into her power his own country. _ 

Dec 10 His sentence was commuted to imprisonment. 
The man of action and exploit was now caged for his 
long confinement. He was stripped of his vast pos- 
sessions that they might enrich the fawning favorites 

of the king. . 

1604— In prison he took up the study of physical sciences, 
especially the properties of medicinal herbs, and his 
cell became the resort of learned men. He was visited 
by those concerned in bis plans for colonizing America, 



The Raleigh Calendar. 59 

among them his friend Hariot who .wrote the most 
intelligent account of Lane's expedition. Hackluyt, 
patriot and historian, also the principal assignee of 
his franchises and interests in "Virginia," more than 
any other man caught the spirit of his enterprise and 
kept popular interest alive, until King James was 
forced by public sentiment or tempted by his own lust 
for fame and dominion to give his sanction to sending 
a colony to America. 
1606— The most persistent efforts were made to set Raleigh 
at liberty, as his colonizing scheme again grew into 
favor. Queen Anne, of England, and the King of 
Denmark, and James' oldest son, Henry, used their 
utmost efforts in his behalf, but without avail. 
1606 — Apr. 22. James granted a new charter to the two 
companies who now proposed to undertake the coloni- 
zation of "Virginia." Among the four named corpor- 
ators of the Company which settled Jamestown stands 
the name of Raleigh Gilbert, doubtless a nephew of the 
great explorer, after whom he ivas named. The treas- 
urer and general manager of this company was Sir 
Thomas Smith who had acted in the same capacity 
over the company by which the settlements on Roanoke 
Island were effected: Of the nineteen corporators of 
the "City of Raleigh" which John White was enjoined 
to bwild in 1581 , ten were among those who subscribed 
to the Jamestown expedition. Raleigh in prison, the 
men he had inspired iu ere still the chief promoters of 
American colonization. 
1607 Jan. 1. The expedition under Captain Newport 
known as the Jamestown expedition set sail for Roan- 
oke Island, but was driven by a storm into the Chesa- 
peake Bay, the shores of which, twenty years before, 
Raleigh had designated for the settlement of the lost 
colony. This Chesapeake country was within the 
limits of the territory granted him by Queen Eliza- 
beth, and his grant was kept in force in the hands of 
his assignees until it was revoked by James to pave the 
way for that monarch to possess himself of the fruits 
of Raleigh's labors and at the same time belittle so 
much of his fame as he could not appropriate. 



60 Historical and Literary Activities in N. 0. 

The people of the nineteen States and five parts of 
States embraced in the territory of Raleigh s Vvr- 
ainia" on this side of the Mississippi, owe to him their 
first debt of gratitude for the land they occupy. It is 
fitting that North Carolina, on whose soil his far- 
reaching experiments were made, should have taken 
the lead in erecting suitable memorials of his labors 
but the other States, and Virginia especially, should 
be proud to follow the State which more than a cen- 
tury ago named its capital in his honor. 
1614-Published his "History of the World' '-a book com- 
mended by Cromwell and studied by Milton. Ra- 
leigh's royal persecutor objected to its circula- 
tion on the ground that its criticism of the an 
dent Assyrian" kings and of Henry VIII of England 
might be construed into a reflection on James own 
government. The notion that only a king was com- 
petent to sit in judgment on the conduct of a king, 
with the similar fallacies inherited from him by his 
son Charles I, cost the latter first his crown and then 

his head. 
1616— March 19. Was released from the Tower after an im- 
prisonment for more- than twelve years broken m 
health and no longer fitted to endure the activities 
which had made him famous, but in spirit he was as 
undaunted as ever, and immediately began to fit out 
an expedition to America. 

Hi, enthusiasm seemed to suit the purposes ol the 
king who was bent on marrying his son Charles into 
the royal family of Spain and hoped that the fear of 
the great "sea-rover" might succeed where diplomacy 
had failed. . , 

1617— June 12. Sailed out of Plymouth harbor on his last 
voyage for America. His expedition had been partly 
appointed by his enemies and not without design: 
One ship deserted him before he was half across the 
Atlantic ; another was lost in a storm ; others still were 
hulks of disease commanded by disloyal captains and 
manned by men whom he called mere "scum. 1 here 
is no better picture in English history than that oi 
this old man, broken in health, racked by fever, long 



The Raleigh Calendar. 61 

separated from the kindred spirits of his dauntless 
manhood, steadily setting his face toward the sunset 
to make his last play for a continent which the vanity 
and treachery of his king cast away. 
~Nov. 17. Anchored in the mouth of Cayenne River 
in the Island of Trinidad. On the mainland the 
Indians still remembered him though it was more than 
twenty years since his first visit, and flocked to the 
coast when they heard he had returned. 

Himself too feeble to lead, he dispatched his son 
and his old friend Captain Keymis, with a party of 
men, up the Oronoko to search for a mine the Spanish 
and the Indians had told him existed somewhere in 
that region. 
Dec. 31. The party were attacked by the Spanish near 
San Thome and in the fighting which followed the 
younger Raleigh was killed at the head of his com- 
mand. 
1618 — The Oronoko expedition returned and brought with it 
the certain tidings of its failure and disasters and also 
a letter which proved that the king of England had 
warned the Spanish Government of Raleigh's ap- 
proach. The great navigator saw now that he had 
been betrayed into a death trap. 

Reproached by him for his ill-success, Keymis com- 
mitted suicide. In a counsel of the remaining cap- 
tains, Raleigh proposed that they revictual the ships 
in Virginia and return to search for the mine, but two 
of them deserted, leaving him without sufficient force 
to contend with his daily increasing enemies. All 
his resources exhausted at last he sailed homeward 
by way of New Foundland, but there is no record 
that he passed near enough to our shores to behold the 
land he had spent more than a million dollars to 
colonize as measured in the currency of these times. 
June 21. Arrived at Plymouth in his flag-ship the 
Destiny and shortly thereafter was arrested. The 
king held out his execution as an inducement to the 
proposed marriage of his son Charles to the Spanish 
Infanta. The wily Spaniards were shrewd enough 



62 Historical and Literary Activities in N. C. 

to have the execution come off first, and the marriage 
never come off at all. 

Oct. 15. The king of Spain declined James' offer to 
turn Raleigh over to him to be executed, but requested 
that the business be done by the English King, and 
as soon as possible. 

Oct. 28. Raleigh was condemned to die on the old 
charge of treasonable conspiracy with the govern- 
ment whose head was now demanding his death for the 
invasion of Spanish territory. 

Oct. 29. Was executed in the 67th year of his age, 
Sir Walter Raleigh, soldier, navigator, explorer, au- 
thor, poet, philosopher and patriot, the statesman who 
wrested our continent from Spain, the pioneer who 
first planted the seeds of law and liberty and Anglo- 
Saxon civilization in America, the hero-martyr of 
English colonization on our shores. 

His name and fame are indissolubly linked with North 
Carolina. He made the first chapter of her history, which 
is also the first, chapter of Anglo-American history, and one 
day the English speaking race on this continent, with the 
Carolinians in the lead, will call its brethren across the seas 
and go back to the Island ( where it began its conquering 
march to do honor to the man who gave himself and all he 
bad for its advancement. 



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